Prevalence and Severity of Periodontal Diseases and Their Association with Disease Severity and Quality of Life in COPD Patients: A Cross-sectional Study

DISCUSSION

Since periodontal examinations are expensive and time-consuming, and as the majority of patients are from lower socioeconomic situations, no clinical trial or cohort studies have been yet conducted to assess the effect of treating periodontal diseases on the improvement of COPD patients. Such health conditions impose a remarkable amount of expenses on the healthcare system and also one of the priorities of health policymakers is to include dental and periodontal examinations under insurance cover; however, the high expenses and lack of sufficient clinical evidence for treatment efficacy, have made the politicians hesitant.

We found abnormal periodontal findings such as gingival bleeding, plaque index, oral hygiene index clinical attachment level, and Probing depth associated with an increase in COPD severity, and a decrease in quality of life. A notable number of studies have addressed the relation between periodontal diseases and the severity of COPD [25]; in addition to confirming the previous findings, we have also found that there is a direct association between periodontal diseases and the severity of COPD. firstly, It seems that bacterial colonization of the oral cavity in periodontal diseases and consequent inflammatory processes may lead to pulmonary diseases through various mechanisms such as aspiration [18, 19, 26, 27]. Secondly, these people are usually innately and genetically prone to conflict and destruction of different parts of the Body’s soft tissue due to inflammatory factors. Or a mixture of both conditions. So, we expect a more direct association between Periodontal disease and COPD severity. Previous studies mostly focused on the colonization and release of blood mediators [18, 19, 27]. Also, It has been shown that improving oral and dental hygiene and eliminating predisposing factors such as smoking reduces lung infections [28, 29]. However, in none of the studies conducted, there has been no research on the possibility of inherent and hereditary talent.

COPD patients suffer from different degrees of disability during their daily life. Pulmonary function parameters through spirometry have been used in the past decades to measure the severity or evaluate the treatment results in COPD patients [30]. The results of the studies have shown that the quality of life cannot be compared with the pulmonary function of patients, so a clear picture of the quality of life in different degrees of COPD severity is not clear [31]. But the findings of our study proved that the increase in the severity of COPD caused decreases in the level of quality of life among the patients in our study.

The dimensions of physical health, mental health, and the whole quality of life is related to the health of COPD patients. Kheirabadi et al, mentioned that the average score of the total quality of life in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was significantly lower than the control group [p<001], which indicates the negative effect of this disease on the quality of life of patients. Also, the results of Spencer et al showed that the health impairment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients compared to normal people was observed more in physical health than in mental health [32]. Martín et al also reported that 61% of patients have a normal health-related quality of life and 39% of them have a low quality of life. However, a high percentage of them had lower physical health in comparison to mental health, among which the subscales of general health and physical performance had the lowest score and role performance and social performance had the highest score [33]. Considering that most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are elderly, they may adapt themselves to the limitations caused by the disease and consider it as a natural consequence of their aging process, so their mental health is less affected by COPD complications.

We also realized that patients with dentures have a higher quality of life and less severe disease in comparison with those who had natural teeth. Which confirm previous studies [34, 35]. In addition, our results revealed that patients with a lower number of natural teeth had a higher chance for more severe COPD. As a result, it is suggested that physicians consider the prescription of dentures for patients with less than 10 natural teeth and prescribe treatment of periodontal diseases for patients with more than 25 natural teeth.

Smokers as well as those with a history of smoking had a higher severity of COPD and periodontal disease in our study. Hyman et al. have confirmed the risk factor role of smoking for periodontal diseases and COPD which is in line with the findings of our study [36]. The association between opium abuse and COPD has remained controversial, as most of the opium abusers are cigarette smokers too and this is a confounding factor [23, 24, 37]. In the present study, we found that there is no significant difference between opium abusers and other patients in terms of the severity of COPD or periodontal diseases. Also, the method of opium abuse, inhalation or oral, was not a risk factor for the severity of COPD or periodontal diseases.

Carrasco-Garrido et al also showed that there is no significant difference between the physical health score in women and men, while in the field of mental health, this relationship is significant and men are better than women [P<05] [38]. Martín et al also reported that the mean score of the mental health dimension of health-related quality of life was higher in men than in women [p<001] and no significant difference was observed between the two genders in the physical health dimension [33]. In our study, there was no significant finding between gender and health level, which confirms the findings of Carrasco-Garrido et al results. Also, the findings of our study showed that there is no significant relationship between the quality of life and the level of education, and this lack of relationship can be caused by the fact that about 96% of the people in our study had illiterate or had education lower than a high school diploma

Many studies have been conducted regarding the relationship between periodontal diseases and COPD. In this study, the findings of other studies have been proved [13, 15, 28, 29, 31, 36, 39], in addition, it was shown that the severity of these diseases is directly related to the severity of COPD, unfortunately, considering that Periodontal examinations are costly and time-consuming, and many people with these two diseases have a low social level. So far, no study has been able to relate the treatment of periodontal diseases to the improvement of the disease through clinical trial study or even cohort sizes severity of COPD with acceptable sample size, on the other hand, Iran is one of the countries involved in this disease, and in addition to lung diseases, its relationship with heart diseases has also been proven[40] and these diseases impose enormous burdens on the health system of our country, according to the health reform plans and also one of the concerns of health policymakers is to include dental health services in the preventive and treatment health package services

As mention before, Our study has shown people with Denture [Dental prosthesis] had a better quality of life and also had less COPD severity than people with teeth, based on our findings, it was also shown that people who have fewer teeth in their mouths have a higher chance of severe COPD compared to those who have more teeth in their mouths. Based on this, it is suggested that policymakers and clinical experts control the severity of COPD in patients. With less than ten teeth, one could recommend the use of Denture, and in patients with more than 25 teeth, periodontal treatment could be recommended.

The issue of the association of COPD with other environmental factors such as smoking and opium is widely discussed in our country and our region today. In the present study, it was shown that people who had more severity of COPD used opium and cigarettes or had a history of using it before, and at the same time, the severity of periodontal disease was also observed in them. In a study conducted by Hyman et al in 2004 on the relationship between smoking, periodontal diseases, and COPD, they stated that smoking is an auxiliary factor and plays a key role in contracting both diseases, and patients who smoke have a high chance of contracting each. They have two diseases [29], which confirmed the findings of our study

In a study published by Leuckfeld and his colleagues in 2007, they stated that chronic marginal periodontitis is more prevalent in patients with severe COPD, which seems to be the reason for the association of these two diseases with the presence of common risk factors for the two diseases, such as age, consumption smoking, BMI, use of corticosteroids, and tooth mineral loss [30] Unfortunately, due to the history of hospitalization, it was not possible to fully investigate these factors in our study, which was one of the limitations of our study. So, to avoid the occurrence of sampling bias and heterogenous samples such as in terms of economic and educational issues. we attempted to do sampling from a general hospital which was the main referral center for pulmonary diseases in the Iran southeast region,

The discussion of opium use and its relationship with lung diseases, especially asthma and COPD, has always been a controversy between clinical specialists and experts [41-43]. One of the reasons why the relationship between opium and these diseases is still unclear is the simultaneous use of opium and cigarettes among the majority of opium users, and smoking has always been mentioned as an important confounding variable in these studies in the findings of our study, it was shown that there is no difference between opium consumption and non-opium consumption among the participants in the severity of COPD disease and periodontal disease. Also, in the investigation of how to use opium by inhalation or orally, no difference was observed between the severity of COPD disease and the severity of the periodontal disease. The total number of people who used opium was significantly higher than the number of people who used cigarettes, which could be concluded that the use of opium Inhalation can be effective in the short term in improving the pulmonary symptoms of patients with COPD, but it seems that in the long term, it may be due to an unknown mechanism, along with other risk factors such as alpha 1 antitrypsin, genetic diseases, periodontal diseases, and other inflammatory factors. cause an increase in chronic inflammation in the airways, and besides that, it can probably cause temporary or permanent paralysis of the air cilia, and probably with the synergistic presence of smoking, it can aggravate the development of chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases [COPD], to confirm this theory multi-phase trials should be done.

Another finding of our study was the discussion of the level of education and income of the patients participating in our study. About 96% had an income level of fewer than 800 dollars/month and 97% had illiterate or had education lower than a high school diploma. In addition, all the people with severe and very severe diseases are in this group. That indicates the lack of knowledge regarding oral and dental health and its consequences, as well as the lack of ability to treat and cure oral diseases. It’s proved that oral health education and insurance coverage play an important role to control the severity of COPD disease [44]. It is also suggested for health policymakers, considering oral health or even Dentures, also It should be defined as a priority to enter public health packages over other dental services in patients with severe and very severe COPD and other associated periodontal conditions.

In conclusion, we found that higher severity of periodontal diseases is associated with more severe COPD and this also affects the quality of life. We suggest further studies for developing a clinical grading system to diagnose periodontal diseases and determine their prognosis in COPD patients to make physicians able for referring their patients to dentists at the appropriate time.

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